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Start

前边两章讲了很多HTTP/2概念性的东西,看起来比较无趣,从这次开始,我们从一些实际用途开始讲起。
本次讲一个非常简单的功能,然后把其内部实现串一下。
这次要实现的功能非常简单,就是一个http2的server,对客户端的请求,只返回一个header信息,并且保持连接,以便在后续任何时候进行一些其他的响应操作。目前看起来这个场景可能没有太大作用,其实HTTP/2做为一个超文本传输协议,目前我们能想到的应用场景还都是普通的web业务,但是老外们的思路就比较广,已经把一些HTTP/2的特性在特定的场景发挥出来了,比如 Amazon的Alexa,Apple的APNS 等。这次实现的这个小功能,就是Alexa里用到的一小部分.
Amazon的avs(Alexa Voice Service)通过HTTP/2实现了全双工的传输功能,其下行功能就用到了这块,Alexa跟avs建立链接后,客户端会发起一个GET /v20160207/directives的请求,服务端接受请求后,返回一个200的头信息,并hold住链接,后续使用该链接通过Server Push功能给客户端主动发送指令。
本次开始,我们先不管Server Push,先从发送Header这个小功能开始吧。

HTTP/2在GO语言的实现中没有支持h2c,所以我们必须使用带证书的加密方式,那么首先需要有一张证书。
我们可以使用openssl自己生成一张:

openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout server.key -x509 -days 365 -out server.crt

然后按提示随便输入一些内容就可以得到两个文件,server.keyserver.crt,其实就是相当于私钥和公钥。当然这个证书是不能在互联网上正常流通使用的,因为证书是自己签发的,没有人给你做担保,能确认这个证书跟它所标识的内容提供方是匹配的。所以我们在做请求测试的时候,需要客户端忽略证书校验才可以。

服务端GO示例的代码如下:

package main

import (
	"log"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	http.HandleFunc("/header", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
		w.Header().Add("X-custom-header", "custom header")
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)

		if f, ok := w.(http.Flusher); ok {
			f.Flush()
		}
		select {}
	})

	log.Println("start listen on 8080...")
	log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServeTLS(":8080", "server.crt", "server.key", nil))
}

服务运行起来后我们在一个较新的支持HTTP/2的curl命令下执行:

curl  "https://localhost:8080/header"  -k -i --http2
  • -k 参数表示忽略证书校验,避免客户端拿到证书后校验不通过而拒绝链接
  • -i 参数表示显示返回的header信息
  • --http2 表示启用http/2,这个参数也可以不带,因为客户端支持的话,会优先使用http/2去链接,服务端不支持的时候降级到http/1.1

curl with –http2

这样就实现了只返回了一个header信息,并且链接没有断开。
我们再通过前边介绍过的h2c来看下请求的效果:

这里有图

可以看到返回的只有一个Header信息,并且是没有END_STREAM标记的。

本次的实践内容到这里就可以结束了,最终实现的代码很简单,但是为什么这样可以实现呢,在缺少相关资料的情况下,很难知道这样做是可以实现该目的的,那么接下来就从Go语言中对HTTP/2的实现来一探究竟吧:

HTTP/2 Frame in Go

首先来看HTTP/2中的最小传输单元:Frame:

// A Frame is the base interface implemented by all frame types.
// Callers will generally type-assert the specific frame type:
// *HeadersFrame, *SettingsFrame, *WindowUpdateFrame, etc.
//
// Frames are only valid until the next call to Framer.ReadFrame.
type http2Frame interface {
	Header() http2FrameHeader

	// invalidate is called by Framer.ReadFrame to make this
	// frame's buffers as being invalid, since the subsequent
	// frame will reuse them.
	invalidate()
}

// A FrameHeader is the 9 byte header of all HTTP/2 frames.
//
// See http://http2.github.io/http2-spec/#FrameHeader
type http2FrameHeader struct {
	valid bool // caller can access []byte fields in the Frame

	// Type is the 1 byte frame type. There are ten standard frame
	// types, but extension frame types may be written by WriteRawFrame
	// and will be returned by ReadFrame (as UnknownFrame).
	Type http2FrameType

	// Flags are the 1 byte of 8 potential bit flags per frame.
	// They are specific to the frame type.
	Flags http2Flags

	// Length is the length of the frame, not including the 9 byte header.
	// The maximum size is one byte less than 16MB (uint24), but only
	// frames up to 16KB are allowed without peer agreement.
	Length uint32

	// StreamID is which stream this frame is for. Certain frames
	// are not stream-specific, in which case this field is 0.
	StreamID uint32
}

// A FrameType is a registered frame type as defined in
// http://http2.github.io/http2-spec/#rfc.section.11.2
type http2FrameType uint8

const (
	http2FrameData         http2FrameType = 0x0
	http2FrameHeaders      http2FrameType = 0x1
	http2FramePriority     http2FrameType = 0x2
	http2FrameRSTStream    http2FrameType = 0x3
	http2FrameSettings     http2FrameType = 0x4
	http2FramePushPromise  http2FrameType = 0x5
	http2FramePing         http2FrameType = 0x6
	http2FrameGoAway       http2FrameType = 0x7
	http2FrameWindowUpdate http2FrameType = 0x8
	http2FrameContinuation http2FrameType = 0x9
)

每个Frame都包含一个http2FrameHeader,这个是每个Frame都有的头信息,在HTTP/2的定义中如下:

 +-----------------------------------------------+
 |                 Length (24)                   |
 +---------------+---------------+---------------+
 |   Type (8)    |   Flags (8)   |
 +-+-------------+---------------+-------------------------------+
 |R|                 Stream Identifier (31)                      |
 +=+=============================================================+
 |                   Frame Payload (0...)                      ...
 +---------------------------------------------------------------+

能看到其结构分别对应头信息的一些字段。

然后我们以Headers Frame为例看下:

// A HeadersFrame is used to open a stream and additionally carries a
// header block fragment.
type http2HeadersFrame struct {
   http2FrameHeader

   // Priority is set if FlagHeadersPriority is set in the FrameHeader.
   Priority http2PriorityParam

   headerFragBuf []byte // not owned
}

// PriorityParam are the stream prioritzation parameters.
type http2PriorityParam struct {
   // StreamDep is a 31-bit stream identifier for the
   // stream that this stream depends on. Zero means no
   // dependency.
   StreamDep uint32

   // Exclusive is whether the dependency is exclusive.
   Exclusive bool

   // Weight is the stream's zero-indexed weight. It should be
   // set together with StreamDep, or neither should be set. Per
   // the spec, "Add one to the value to obtain a weight between
   // 1 and 256."
   Weight uint8
}

 +---------------+
|Pad Length? (8)|
+-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|E|                 Stream Dependency? (31)                     |
+-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|  Weight? (8)  |
+-+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|                   Header Block Fragment (*)                 ...
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
|                           Padding (*)                       ...
+---------------------------------------------------------------+

http2PriorityParam表示了Stream DependencyWeight信息,headerFragBuf 表示 Header Block Fragment, Padded信息没有设置单独的结构存储,因为没啥特别的地方会用到,是否存在Pad信息放在了Frame HeaderFlag信息里,当Flags.Has(http2FlagHeadersPadded) 时,会取出Pad的长度,并在取数据时删减掉。

// Frame-specific FrameHeader flag bits.
const (
	//  ...

	// Headers Frame
	http2FlagHeadersEndStream  http2Flags = 0x1
	http2FlagHeadersEndHeaders http2Flags = 0x4
	http2FlagHeadersPadded     http2Flags = 0x8
    http2FlagHeadersPriority   http2Flags = 0x20
    
    // ...
)

    // 计算Pad的长度
    var padLength uint8
	if fh.Flags.Has(http2FlagHeadersPadded) {
		if p, padLength, err = http2readByte(p); err != nil {
			return
		}
    }

    // ...

    // 取出 Header Block Fragment
    hf.headerFragBuf = p[:len(p)-int(padLength)]

http2Framer

Frame的读写操作是通过http2Framer来进行的。

// A Framer reads and writes Frames.
type http2Framer struct {
	r         io.Reader
	lastFrame http2Frame
	errDetail error

	lastHeaderStream uint32

	maxReadSize uint32
	headerBuf   [http2frameHeaderLen]byte

	getReadBuf func(size uint32) []byte
	readBuf    []byte // cache for default getReadBuf

	maxWriteSize uint32 // zero means unlimited; TODO: implement

	w    io.Writer
	wbuf []byte

    // ....
}
// http2Framer的操作方法
type http2Framer
    func http2NewFramer(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) *http2Framer
    func (fr *http2Framer) ErrorDetail() error
    func (fr *http2Framer) ReadFrame() (http2Frame, error)
    // ...
    func (f *http2Framer) WriteData(streamID uint32, endStream bool, data []byte) error
    // ...
    func (f *http2Framer) WriteHeaders(p http2HeadersFrameParam) error
    // ...
    func (f *http2Framer) WritePushPromise(p http2PushPromiseParam) error
    func (f *http2Framer) WriteRSTStream(streamID uint32, code http2ErrCode) error
    // ...

可以看到,通过http2Framer,我们可以很方便的对http2Frame进行读写操作,比如http2Framer.ReadFramehttp2Framer.WritHeaders等。

http2Framer是在http2Server.ServeConn阶段初始化的:

func (s *http2Server) ServeConn(c net.Conn, opts *http2ServeConnOpts) {
	baseCtx, cancel := http2serverConnBaseContext(c, opts)
	defer cancel()

	sc := &http2serverConn{
		srv:                         s,
		hs:                          opts.baseConfig(),
		conn:                        c,
		baseCtx:                     baseCtx,
		remoteAddrStr:               c.RemoteAddr().String(),
        bw:                          http2newBufferedWriter(c),
        // ...
    }

    // ...

    // 将conn交接给http2Framer进行最小粒度的Frame读写.
    fr := http2NewFramer(sc.bw, c)
	fr.ReadMetaHeaders = hpack.NewDecoder(http2initialHeaderTableSize, nil)
	fr.MaxHeaderListSize = sc.maxHeaderListSize()
	fr.SetMaxReadFrameSize(s.maxReadFrameSize())
    sc.framer = fr
}

然后在serve阶段通过readFrames()writeFrame进行Frame的读写操作。

func (sc *http2serverConn) serve() {
    // ...
    go sc.readFrames()  // 读取Frame
    // ...
    select {
    case wr := <-sc.wantWriteFrameCh:
        sc.writeFrame(wr) // 写Frame
    // ...
    }
    // ...
}

最后还有一点,就是当我们通过调用了w.Header().Add()方法设置了Header之后,如何马上让服务端把这些信息响应到客户端呢,这个时候就是通过Flush()方法了。

// Optional http.ResponseWriter interfaces implemented.
var (
	_ CloseNotifier     = (*http2responseWriter)(nil)
	_ Flusher           = (*http2responseWriter)(nil)
	_ http2stringWriter = (*http2responseWriter)(nil)
)

// ...

func (w *http2responseWriter) Flush() {
	rws := w.rws
	if rws == nil {
		panic("Header called after Handler finished")
	}
	if rws.bw.Buffered() > 0 {
		if err := rws.bw.Flush(); err != nil {
			// Ignore the error. The frame writer already knows.
			return
		}
	} else {
		// The bufio.Writer won't call chunkWriter.Write
		// (writeChunk with zero bytes, so we have to do it
		// ourselves to force the HTTP response header and/or
		// final DATA frame (with END_STREAM) to be sent.
		rws.writeChunk(nil)
	}
}

// ...

func (rws *http2responseWriterState) writeChunk(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
	if !rws.wroteHeader {
		rws.writeHeader(200)
	}

	isHeadResp := rws.req.Method == "HEAD"
	if !rws.sentHeader {
        // ...
        err = rws.conn.writeHeaders(rws.stream, &http2writeResHeaders{
			streamID:      rws.stream.id,
			httpResCode:   rws.status,
			h:             rws.snapHeader,
			endStream:     endStream,
			contentType:   ctype,
			contentLength: clen,
			date:          date,
        })
    }
    // ...
}

通过调用Flush()方法,由于我们没有设置任何body的内容,所以会走到rws.WriteChunk(nil)逻辑处,这里就是为了在没有内容时,如果希望给客户端响应,来发送Headers Frame,这里也可以选择在Header Frame携带END_STREAM来关闭Stream,这种是我们在Go中正常响应HEAD请求时的逻辑,如果我们自己通过Flush来发送,那么就不会有END_STREAM,就达到我们的要求了。

ok,至此,整个流程就串起来了。